Lscott

The best I can suggest is just simply ask why recommend a different tone from the one you wanted. At least per your post they want to discuss it with you. They may have a very good reason. https://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/Continuous_Tone-Coded_Squelch_System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Tone-Coded_Squelch_System

Well not for everyone. The law specificity exempts Amateur Radio, those holding a valid FCC license. However what about others that hold a valid FCC license such as GMRS? I guess Hams have better lobbyists and a well organized group, ARRL, to represent their interests.

I assure you the following is true. I've had a few Hams say they do CW while driving. They have a Morse Code key strapped to their thigh. One hand on the steering wheel while the other is sending code. I can't imagine how this can be done without the driver's attention being split between the Morse Key and paying attention to the road. Some people can't even drive and chew gum at the same time. I wonder just how this would be classified? There is no microphone.

"Please note: Use of an HT would still be a violation. The radio must be mounted and the microphone be corded to the radio. Please remember that not all law enforcement officers will be aware of these documents, and may not follow them. Amateurs may still be cited." So what is really the difference between holding a corded microphone or your HT with a pig-tail on it to the roof mounted antenna? These kind of laws are just pain silly.

Yeah, until the local PD shows up because you look "suspicious" and won't believe you're just doing a radio range check. Even a few Hams get hassled by the local PD for having a "scanner" in a vehicle and or hearing police radio dispatch calls coming from their VHF/UHF mobile. The recommendation is keeping a copy of the local/state law showing the exception for Hams handy along with your license just in case in the glove box.

Nice radio but it appears not to be certified for FCC Part 95 GMRS use. https://fccid.io/AFJIC-F221S

Well you summed it up right. The mystery is what effect is more dominate in real usage conditions, free space path loss, signal absorption etc. The impressive part is on UHF one needs significantly more power on UHF to generate the same signal strength at the receiver compared to VHF. That’s assuming you keep other factors about the same. In another topic I started I had asked just how much activity do people hear on the license free MURS channels, which are on VHF from around 151 to 154 MHZ. Given the issue of path loss and MURS radios limit to 2 watts I’ll guess it could outperform a much higher power UHF radio.

"www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/Guidelines and Forms/Guidelines and Manuals/EH/EH/Section2Final06062013.pdf"

That would be an interesting test. I often read where VHF tends to reach further because at the lower frequency the RF is absorbed less by tree leaves etc. I'm not so sure that's the main reason. There is another one that could explain it more called "free space path loss" which has nothing to do with signal absorption or blockages. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_path_loss http://www.sis.pitt.edu/prashk/inf1072/Fall16/lec5.pdf What it comes down to is the signal strength is expressed in "volts per meter" and is independent of frequency but related to transmitter power. "http://www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/Guidelines and Forms/Guidelines and Manuals/EH/EH/Section2Final06062013.pdf" However since one has to use a resonate antenna, or nearly so, the antenna on UHF is roughly 1/3 the "length" of the same type at VHF and thus intercepts just 1/3 of the signal expressed in "volts per meter". Thus the received signal is 1/3 the amplitude, voltage wise, coming out of the antenna. From a power stand point the received signal "power" is proportional to the square of the voltage thus the "power" at UHF would be about 1/9 that at VHF, or in db's, 10*log(1/9), its 9.54db lower. https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/tools/free-space-path-loss-calculator/ Using the above calculator the path loss is 75.962db with the following data input: Distance: 1 KM Frequency: 150 MHz Transmitter Gain: 0 Receiver Gain: 0 And you get a path loss of 85.504db with the following data input: Distance: 1 KM Frequency: 450 MHz Transmitter Gain: 0 Receiver Gain: 0 The difference is. 9.542db lower as expected on UHF compared to VHF for the two frequencies used. The higher the calculated number is in db the higher the loss.

Thanks for the tip. I’ll have to try it the next time. Having the links get messed up sort of ruins things.

A good place to start is some answers to the following questions. 1. Used to communicate primary with just handheld radios? 2. Used to communicate primary with just base radios? 3. Used to communicate with base and handheld radios? 4. Is repeater access required and how far away? 5. Do you need multi-band access, like for Ham and GMRS? 6. What is the terrain like where you plan to operate most of the time? Flat, low rolling hills, mountains, lots of tall building etc. 7. How tall of an antenna can you tolerate? Like getting in to a garage, parking deck, drive through window heights etc. 8. Is a magnet mount needed or are drilling mounting holes in your vehicle OK? 9. How much money do you want to spend? There are a lot of antennas out there from a few inches tall to several feet costing as little as $20 and way up from there. Once you have an idea of what the requirements are people here have some good solid recommendations. Picking an antenna is like going to a buffet. There is too much to choose from.

Well the only way to get this to work is copy the whole URL into the address window up to the ".pdf" part. Then substitute the following for the "...ents" part. Then it should work for the long one. resource-gallery/Documents For the shorter one copy the whole URL into the address window up to the ".pdf" part. Then substitute the following for the "....ications" part. Then it should work for the short one. Don't miss the leading period. .za/publications

Dang!! This form's software keeps screwing with the URL's, they won't post right. They cut and past OK but when I post the message they get trashed. I'll try one more time. "https://www.google.com/search?q=field+strength+versus+power&client=firefox-b-1-e&ei=WsY6X4GYI8-PtAaf9JOAAw&start=10&sa=N" "http://www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/Guidelines and Forms/Guidelines and Manuals/EH/EH/Section2Final06062013.pdf"

Hummm. Firefox doesn't cut and past links very well at times. These should work I hope http://www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/Guidelines and Forms/Guidelines and Manuals/EH/EH/Section2Final06062013.pdf http://www.parc.org.za/publications/=Field strength vs radiated power.pdf

On closer inspection the ERP is based on the field strength of the signal. That's the point people seem to miss. A gain antenna increases the "E-Field", Volts per meter. When the tests are performed the location of the field strength meter has to be specified. When doing antenna testing on an antenna test range the "E-Field" is measured at various points around the antenna. There are relationships that you can use to calculate power (ERP) based on the "E-Field" strength. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_power_density The references below gives a bit more info on how the "E-Field" in Volts/Meter works out to power. Note that a number for the antenna gain is part of the calculations. http://www.bccdc.ca/resource-gallery/Documents/Guidelines and Forms/Guidelines and Manuals/EH/EH/Section2Final06062013.pdf http://www.parc.org.za/publications/=Field strength vs radiated power.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power There are two ways of looking at this EIRP, effective isotropic radiated power, and ERP, effective radiated power. The two are not the same. For EIRP it's assume the power is spread uniformly over a sphere, which will only happen using a "theatrical" isotropic antenna. The other, ERP, acknowledges that real antennas have some directional properties, thus a higher "E-Field" in some directions verses others. When the "E-Field" is measured then power calculated you will most likely end up with a power higher than what you see at the transmitter's output. That's the antenna's gain.

So by that definition even a high gain Yagi really wouldn't be violating the rules. There is only one driven element (antenna) everything else is either a director or reflector element.

Logically I can't see how limiting the output power will prevent exceeding the FCC's ERP limit. Since they have no idea what antenna is going to be attached it's impossible to set a power level that will not violate the rules, unless it's set at zero. You don't even need to attach a gain antenna. A few people have built a corner reflector and just stuck the radio at the right point which results in a higher ERP than what you get out of the radio, even with a fixed mount antenna. The radio is place at the position where the dipole element would go. Then ran a external headset with a conveniently long wire to the accessory input jack on the radio. https://www.qsl.net/ve3rgw/corner.html While not exactly portable its been done for point to point communications.

The usual rubber duck antennas, stubby antennas, have a negative gain. To get the 0.5 watt ERP the radio would have to produce more than 0.5 watts. Clearly the market for the radio is GMRS. The low power narrow band channels are an afterthought looking at what components were used. The point is anyone who is considering this radio with the idea of using it to talk to FRS radios, or have a real need too, will likely be disappointed. If the radio does what you want that's what counts. At least people know a bit more about the radio's likely performance and can make a better informed choice. That was the goal here.

One point not mentioned much are the gain figures work both ways. That is on transmission and reception. It pays to optimize the losses. A 5 watt radio likely is about as sensitive as a 40 to 50 watt one. You can run into cases where spending more money on a higher power radio to make up for the power loss but it does nothing to increase the receive signal strength. If you can’t hear the other station it doesn’t matter how much power you run. This could be the difference between using a 5 watt handheld with a roof mount antenna, or spending a lot more money on a high power mobile radio. I think enough information is here where choices can be made that fit budget and physical installation requirements. There shouldn’t be any really big surprises how the final system will perform.

I forgot to include a datasheet for regular RG-58U cable. https://catalog.belden.com/techdata/EN/9201_techdata.pdf As you can see the loss is almost double at 8.4db at 400MHz. The losses go up as the frequency increases. One table I have shows it at 10.6db per 100 feet at 450MHz. With this kind of loss one would do better sending smoke signals.

You should consider using a different antenna. The MXTA25 is listed as a 5/8 wave design. https://midlandusa.com/product/micromobile-mxta25-3db-gain-ghost-antenna/ From modeling this antenna has a net gain LOSS over a simple 1/4 wave, or 1/2 wave dipole antenna. Where you want the signal strength at the maximum is along the ground and not shooting up in the air at an angle. https://www.w8ji.com/VHF%20mobile%20vertical.htm The low loss cable you mentioned I found a datasheet for it from Belden Cable. The loss spec is 4.9db per 100 feet compared to LMR-400, 2.7db per 100 feet, at the same frequency of 450MHz which is very close to the GMRS frequencies. https://catalog.belden.com/techdata/EN/7808WB_techdata.pdf https://www.timesmicrowave.com/DataSheets/CableProducts/LMR-400.pdf For the MXT400 radio there is an FCC test report you might find of interest. On page 7 it has the high and low power measurements. https://fccid.io/MMAMXT400/Test-Report/Test-Report-3120260.html

A small typo I made. The gain should have been 6.85db. The rest of the numbers should be correct.

I’ll leave that as an exercise for the student to figure out the system gain as they instructor used to say.

Ah no. When you see gain spec of 9dbi that’s a gain over an isotropic antenna that doesn’t exist. It’s for reference only. What you really want is a gain spec over a dipole, or a simple quarter wave, which is the smallest antenna that can be physically built. The difference in gain between the two is 2.15db. So the real practical gain is now 6.15db. But wait, we’er not done yet! Now you have to figure in your coax loss. For a typical run of 75 feet of LMR400 at 450MHz, close enough to the GMRS band at 462 to 467, the loss is another 2.03db. So your real gain is around 4.82db, which is a factor of 3.03 increase. For 5 watts in it looks like you have an effective radiated power of 15.17 watts.

Boxcar has a good suggestion. A few more points about MURS. You can use external antennas and the VHF signal seems to propagate further through trees etc. And finally you don't need a license to use MURS radios, but they must be FCC certified. GMRS radios everyone needs to have their own license unless they are a qualified family member of someone who is licensed. One thing I have noticed about operating FRS radios inside vehicles, the range is poor, around 1/2 mile is typical. If you use GMRS radios you REALLY need to use a roof mounted antenna, even with a handheld radio. Same point about MURS radios too.