Emails: Yes, look up Winlink.
File transfer: Yes, via aforementioned Winlink. There are other ways much less robust and reliable. On HF is limited by 300 baud by government decree. Much faster on VHF/UHF.
GPS: Yes, there is a system called APRS, allowing tracking, weather reports and short message exchange. It even allows text exchange between cell phone and APRS-enabled radio. Not very reliable, but works. Depends on the infrastructure: the whole bunch of things called "digipeaters". They are deployed in populated areas, where you normally have cell connection. However, where I live, we often have digipeaters available where there is no cell service. I'm an active user of APRS, but it has it's serious limitations.
Video: It is not going to be 1080p x 60fps because there are some laws of physics that limit the bandwidth. Look up Slow Scan TV. Resolution is ridiculous, frame rate is laughable. But yes.