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Not the same kind of map, but a very comprehensive listing is at repeaterbook.com.

I think @marcspazhas used a tram 1/4 wave that had a nice wide bandwidth in UHF...I don't remember the model number,.or how is measured out across the range though. On the larger side, I know the Browning br1713bs has a nice wide bandwidth (410-490 rated) and showed low swr everywhere I tested in 70cm and gmrs (1.2 or less)

I giggled at this one. Replace girlfriend with wife and this describes about 12 to 15 of my weekends every year. LOL

As others have mentioned, codes, hidden messages and transmitting a false or deceptive communication are all rule violations. I think 10-codes are allowed because they are so heavily used, documented and well known that it's not really considered code, but more like shorthand for voice.

Check these for Ham frequencies near you http://www.interceptradio.com and https://www.radioreference.com then program them in like other frequencies you have added.

Based on this section of Part 95....it seems like no. § 95.1733 Prohibited GMRS uses. (a) In addition to the prohibited uses outlined in § 95.333 of this chapter, GMRS stations must not communicate: (1) Messages in connection with any activity which is against Federal, State, or local law; (2) False or deceptive messages; (3) Coded messages or messages with hidden meanings (“10 codes” are permissible); (4) Music, whistling, sound effects or material to amuse or entertain; (5) Advertisements or offers for the sale of goods or services; (6) Advertisements for a political candidate or political campaign (messages about the campaign business may be communicated); (7) International distress signals, such as the word “Mayday” (except when on a ship, aircraft or other vehicle in immediate danger to ask for help); (8) Messages which are both conveyed by a wireline control link and transmitted by a GMRS station; (9) Messages (except emergency messages) to any station in the Amateur Radio Service, to any unauthorized station, or to any foreign station; (10) Continuous or uninterrupted transmissions, except for communications involving the immediate safety of life or property; and (11) Messages for public address systems. (12) The provision of § 95.333 apply, however, if the licensee is a corporation and the license so indicates, it may use its GMRS system to furnish non-profit radio communication service to its parent corporation, to another subsidiary of the same parent, or to its own subsidiary.

@kidphc I went with the VHF high power because there are a few alligator 2m repeaters around me. I normally run a 50w radio and a 300w amp, but 90w-100w gets me into the repeaters that I can hear. The thing that made me switch is, during the summer, I remove the amp so it doesn't get stolen while the roof and doors are off. With the XTL5000, I can leave it installed and not worry about theft... and I'll still have enough power to reach the repeaters. Also, going to run dual heads. Two W7's.

Mursy mc murs face

Cooperative use of GMRS stations. GMRS licensees may share the use of their stations with other persons eligible in the GMRS, subject to the conditions and limitations in this paragraph. (1) The GMRS station to be shared must be individually owned by the licensee, jointly owned by the participants and the licensee, leased individually by the licensee, or leased jointly by the participants and the licensee. (2) The licensee must maintain access to and control over all stations authorized under its license. (3) A station may be shared only: (i) Without charge; (ii) On a non-profit basis, with contributions to capital and operating expenses including the cost of mobile stations and paging receivers prorated equitably among all participants; or (iii) On a reciprocal basis, i.e., use of one licensee's stations for the use of another licensee's stations without charge for either capital or operating expenses. (4) All sharing arrangements must be conducted in accordance with a written agreement to be kept as part of the station records. I posted this in another thread here (a thread that must have gone sideways because it’s gone now?) but technically the FCC says you can’t charge fees for repeater use. Contributions yes. As for the question of using a repeater without permission. It’s equipment that belongs to another. Get permission.

Because unlike Ham repeaters. GMRS repeaters are usually privately owned, thus private party. Even ham repeaters don't need to be published or shared (most are, and are owned by clubs). A local repeater to me is not published but open to GMRS users. We do have problems with unauthorized (non-license) and people whom are purposely/willingfully interfering with the repeaters. Yes, we have a semi active group hunting for this person. It so bad, so much so that the repeater owner is pulling tones. Requiring several dozen users to have to reprogram radios. He has even discussed the idea of completely pulling the repeater off the air or switching frequencies. Its better to be a contributor then one of the nuisances. You of course could spend the tens of thousands of dollars to properly setup a repeater, if you have a location (that doesn't cost you $2k a month, like a commercial site).

That’s right, double down by blaming your mistakes on others’ courage. As @WRQC527said, it had nothing to do with courage. It doesn’t matter if it has anything to do with sexuality and frankly that thought never occurred to me. Your choice of words was insulting, just as you intended it to be, and like every other intentional use of nicknames to put others down. By the way, you might want to take it out of your signature.

Hello GMRS "gang", After a few postings and reflection, it is clear that GMRS owners need to make an orientation video, and/or hold a group zoom for new users before allowing access. This will be my approach 100%. In this meeting or video, politely addressing operational guidelines and expectations up front would really help! Because new users have no idea what to do, and seasoned and fresh "hammy's" are already going down the wrong path, sound mentorship is the answer. Not a rigorous military drill set, but a practical and open discussion. New users WANT to know what to do, and many "hams" think they know what to do. It is an unhealthy combo for sure. It's about getting along, sharing the resource, and not making the repeater owner want to get two sticks and gouge their eardrums out...

All GMRS and FRS radios manufactured since 2017 use/share the same frequencies for channels 1-22 which are simplex, so yes, you will be able to say "go to channel 7" and talk with everyone as long as someone didnt buy one of those shitty radios that comes pre-programmed with tones/codes (most do not).

More Power does not necessarily = Better. Frequency stability, hum, distortion, audio fidelity, deviation envelope - those things matter too. To paraphrase an old timer - if you sound like an angry Donald Duck trapped inside a tin outhouse - does it really matter how many watts you're pumping out?

??? you got me man. Getting older myself. I hadn’t watched it in a while but I’m fairly certain if superheterodyne is what you want in a mobile the Wouxun radios are going to be the ones. Though I think solid and simple the Midlands have a good reputation though I don’t have one. Thanks for the laugh and thank you for your service.

If you are in frequency mode you can scan frequencies for days. Even the GMRS frequencies/channels had to be added by someone somewhere and they are a specific set of channels/frequencies so easy to preload that. Just as you would add repeater programming for your area you can add local Ham frequencies. Adding will be easier with the software.

OK, figured it out!

Thanks for the info! I was under the impression I could switch to a HAM band and scan it. I may have been mistaken. But, hey, I'm a newb!

That’s a big 10-4 ?

What are you using for a base antenna and about how far as the eagle flies are you from the repeater? If I put my antenna at one end of the house, my feedline run is going to be about 40 feet...lossy... ? was thinking about putting the antenna in the attic right above my radio room/office/den then the feedline would be more like 12-15 feet...BUT IT WOULD BE IN the attic. Long time ham radio dude but never have I ever done anything with UHF...learning lots. ?

For now, for a base station I use my KG-S88G with a base antenna and a speaker mike. The antenna is in a 2nd story window, fed by 10' of RG8 plus 18" of adapter cable. Once the antenna is positioned nicely everything works really well. In fact I was able to hit a repeater at 30 miles using just the low power .5W setting, although with some static. At 5W it's great.

It begins. Replacing the CDM1250 for this beauty of a XTL5k... Gotta get it installed.. Now to figure if I really want a VHF brick to dual brick it or run a second O5 head in the rear of the truck with a hangup set to get cool points. Just too bad even mid power VHF bricks, and the DTMF mic (standard doesn't fit well in my hands) are silly priced right now.

Yup, cell phone antennas.

On the plus side, the Wouxun radios have been tested by either bettersaferadios or buytwowayradios (can't remember which) and the wattage matches what they state. I really like the KG-935G as well. If you don't want to spend so much, the KG-916 is supposed to be decent (and has a superheterodyne receiver!). Even cheaper are the KG-905 and KG-805 radios, both with superhet. The KG-S88G has IP7 waterproofing. The KG-UV9GX is probably the most featured radio.

It is rated at 10 watts, but I still think you’ll be surprised at the slight difference in range. Urban areas are difficult. Are you planning on using it on GMRS? Or maybe I ought to ask how you’re planning to use it and what kind of range you hope to get? On the seven interstitial 462 MHz channels you’re limited to 5 watts on a handheld. On the seven interstitial 467 MHz channels you’re limited to 0.5 watts PEP. I would be looking at something like the Wouxun KG-935 for GMRS.

Oh! If you want one antenna that does it all, get the Diamond NR7900a. It is high gain. VHF/UHF power rated 250w/300w respectively, and covers everything we need to do on amateur and GMRS. Probably the best mobile antenna I ever owned. https://www.diamondantenna.net/nr7900a.html

Yes, use them in the field! They are VERY handy. More safe and durable than a phone anyway. Wow 3 repeaters! that is a task!

Ahh...yeah, I think I missed you were trying to have 2m on the same antenna. The signal stalk is great on flexibility and durability, and does great signal wise on 2m and 70cm... haven't tried it for gmrs. The tram 1181 is a hair shorter, and on my truck was the difference between hitting all the beams in the parking garage at work, and just hitting an occasional one...it isn't as flexible as the signal stalk though. I think your truck is taller, too.

@kidphc, I have a Tram/Browning 1126-b 1/4 wave NMO antenna. It has great SWR for 70cm and GMRS. Rated from 410-490mhz. I just need to find a high-gain antenna that is good for 70cm. I have the MXTA26 which is awesome for GMRS and rated for 120w, but I don't think it's tuned for 70cm. I already have the radios, and next week I will be installing a UHF XTL5000 for GMRS and 70cm, and a VHF XTL5000 for 2m. They both make a measured 110w+. The VHF unit has a pre-amp, too.

I'll have to talk to Marc next time there is a meet. Or if I catch him on bullrun. I ordered a signal stalk. 1/4 2m, 3/4 wave 70cm. Mostly because it's nintinol and more then 1/2 the price of a sti flexible antenna. 1/4 wave, unfortunately is play the antenna song in parking garages. So want max flexibility. Sent from my SM-S901U using Tapatalk

One of the things that you’ll quickly learn, either by recommendation here or by use there, is that power is highly overrated as a predictor of range. A good receiver that has both sensitivity and selectivity and a good antenna are much much more important than getting an 8 watt output radio versus a 5 watt radio.

That’s not inclusive!!! You must say “Radiosy Radios”.

Hello Marc, I was seriously considering offering my one fixed repeater as "open access" and have been searching for the best answer on this. The issues with the Cincinnati system and several others coupled with things I have observed with the North Georgia system, have helped me make this decision. I have the fixed unit, one portable repeater system, 6 mobiles, and 14 portables. I normally use simplex, yet there are times for portable repeater use in rural Georgia, Idaho, or Dakota's. Still a lot of places where cell signals are weak or don't exist yet. In spite of some strange postings, this was the goal. It has been reached. My fixed unit reaches up to 40 miles in some directions so coverage is good. I just decided to keep life as simple as I can. Thank you for the thoughtful posts along the way! Joseph

You could... and possibly rile up the repeater owner/group such that they decide it isn't worth running the repeater anymore and they take it down. Ability to do tone scanning is a somewhat recent feature on radios, older equipment won't have it. I think I only have one radio that does tone scanning, out of five GMRS radios. Don't recall ever seeing (or, at least, using) tone scanning on any of my Amateur radios (heck, the oldest ones don't even have tone decode, only encode! Tone decode required $$$ modules to be installed))

Yup, unfortunately most of the XTVA I was looking at were also missing the amp. I could find the amps for uhf, but they were damn near the cost of the XTS. Friend suggested just looking for a mobile Telewave amp since the Moto one was a Telewave to begin with (take with a grain of salt, I might have been having another stroke during the conversation.)

The black one, get the black one. No the one on the left… ? but seriously they are two completely different animals. Sure they’re both radios but it’s like saying should I get a Jeep or a motorcycle. I don’t know, what do you want to do? But as you have a license for one maybe that will inform your decision. You will need to figure out what it is you want to do with the radio. Or get both ?

That's a good choice as well. I like the waterproofing and the superhet receiver, as well as the colors (mine is orange!). Not a fan of the small display, but it works super-well in rough conditions! I keep it in my car along with the charger just in case.

1.) Think before you xmit, if you can't think of anything to say avoid the PTT button. This applies to every radio service ever created, and is universally ignored by at least some folks on every radio service ever created. No one has a monopoly. 2.) Q codes (thanks to group poster for that reminder) Q codes were invented to cut down on the character count when communicating with CW. They have almost no place in voice communications of any kind. This is one that many ham radio operators are guilty of, and if it's migrated to GMRS, only hams can be blamed. It must be stopped. Sooner rather than later. Today if possible. 3.) Weather, Arthritis, Space fillers (see #1). This situation is caused by user boredom, and can be cured by primary productive activities. If it were not for health problems and weather, many hams would not have anything to talk about. But, and this is a big but, there are plenty of hams who do not fall into this trap. GMRS users who are not hams sometimes fall into the weather / space filler trap. Not as many, because they're often too busy winching their Jeeps out of the mud after trying to impress their girlfriends, who are predictably not amused. 4.) Keep it short... Think "utility". (probably get hollered at for putting it in quotes) This is the first time I've seen you use quotes properly. Hams who use GMRS for ragchewing need to go back in their own yard. However, I've heard plenty of ragchews on GMRS repeaters between non-hams. Some people just like to talk, and the radio enables them. Just like CB.

Just got my UV9GX from Mark a couple of days ago. Appears to have been worth the wait.

Not through a regular/analog repeater. You would need something like a P25 capable digital repeater. (based on the times my group has tried/tested)

I hold an "H" license, my wife doesn't, I do not know everything. She thinks I am a nerd, but I am a good cook and provider so she keeps me. Got my GMRS license this week. I got it because on "H" bands I am a CW operator. I don't even own a VHF or UHF radio at this time. We are going to buy, eventually, 2 decent GMRS HTs and I would like to eventually establish a GMRS base station in our location. I thought I might want to build a repeater, but that urge has passed. I am in the foot print of INDY 600 so we don't really need an open repeater here. Good, saves me money for other toys. I have been monitoring GMRS freqs for about a year, I feel like I know some of you already, and for the most part everyone seems to get along and are very friendly. So I have requested access to a couple repeater systems, and await the reply patiently. I look forward to being on the system, and being able to communicate with my wife when she is not within cell phone reach. I am perfectly happy to be mentored on the proper protocols of GMRS use. I have a child living in Mooresville and one in Decatur Township (Indianapolis) and I plan on getting them to jump on the GMRS bandwagon if this works out well for my wife and I. ?

The ARRL is the only lobbying voice for the amateur radio service. I disagree with the ARRL frequently, but I do support them. For the last 5 years I just send them a $50 donation tot he legal defense fund instead of a membership. BUT As a member, you do get access to every issue of QST every printed, online. I have used that feature in the past for digging up articles, projects, parts lists, etc. That was very handy to have. You also get an email address in the arrl.net domain, which can come in very handy. To use the Logbook of the World you do not have to be a member, but if you want the ARRL Worked All State or ARRL DXCC awards, you must be a current paid member, PLUS pay the fee for the printing of your award and the postage. I recommend membership to new hams. LOADS of stuff on the website that is good info to the newer licensee, and QST has usually one or two articles every month that are of interest to most.

LOL... Too funny... OK why not. This is all repeater related. This is a watered down version 1.) Think before you xmit, if you can't think of anything to say avoid the PTT button. 2.) Q codes (thanks to group poster for that reminder) 3.) Weather, Arthritis, Space fillers (see #1). This situation is caused by user boredom, and can be cured by primary productive activities. 4.) Keep it short... Think "utility". (probably get hollered at for putting it in quotes) OK teaser done. Gotta go, I will check back in here next week unless banned already. All is OK no matter what and I mean that! Thanks! P.S. On the thought of language use, A friend of mine once told a couple coworkers they "sure looked homely". They were not happy. He is from Ireland, and it was in fact very much a complement. Damn hubris! It seems the world is out to get everyone....lol

The repeater that doesn't require an input tone will repeat everything it hears on its input frequency. The repeater that requires an input tone will only repeat those things that it hears which include the correct tone. So, if you transmit using the input tone for the repeater that requires tones, and if you are within range of both, both repeaters will retransmit your transmission.

I would like to see the list. If I'm doing something that is a problem I want to know about it. I can always learn and improve.

What are Signal Reports? What is an s-unit? Why does this matter? But, Why? First, why does any of this matter? The General Mobile Radio Service was segmented with the concept of being a short-distance two-way communications for licensees and their immediate family members. It doesn’t require any special knowledge, exams or understanding of the science behind the magic. However, you will occasionally hear both professional and amateur radio operators who are also licensed GMRS operators, who may be using lingo more common to other services. One of the most common will be an RST style signal report. I’ve noticed that many new operators will call for a radio check, especially on a repeater. They may get a 'signal report' from a Ham that sounds like this, “I copy you five nine.” Or you may hear “You are full-quiet into the repeater.” While these answers may be true and accurate, for new operators, hearing “Your radio sounds great” or “I can hear you fine, but there is a bunch of static. How far are you from me (or the repeater)” would likely be a lot more helpful. Well, in the event that you come across me or one of my well-seasoned friends and we forget that not everyone knows what we are talking about, this may help you understand what you are hearing with regard to signal reports… and if you would like to use the same method, provide you with the best guidance I can. What are RST and Signal Reports? The RST signal reporting system is primarily used by amateur radio operators and other radio hobbyists to exchange information about the quality of a radio signal being received. The original reporting system was created to be used with Morse Code, and is a three digit number. Each digit is used for conveying an assessment of a signal's Readability, Strength and Tone (RST). Over time, amateurs adopted this reporting scheme for voice communications as well, but it was modified a bit to be more friendly to reports about voice signals. Readability is still used to define how intelligible your voice is; meaning how well can I understand what you are saying. Strength of your signal is also still used, based on the meter on the receiver’s radio. However, Tone was dropped for voice reports. Though on occasion you will hear someone tell an operator, in plain language, if their transmitted signal has too high or too low of a tone, as some radios allow the owner to adjust the tone. Readability – This part of the report is subjective, but still helpful. Readability is used to define how intelligible your words are, on a scale of 1 to 5. A readability value of 1 means that I can tell you are transmitting and talking, but I can’t make out anything you are saying. A readability value of 5 means that, regardless of anything else, I can understand every word you say. A report with 2, 3 or 4 would be some variation between 1 and 5. Some examples on how I personally would rate your readability on GMRS would include a 2, meaning I may be able to hear enough of what you’re saying that in a life or death situation, it may be enough to get help going. With a 3, I may be able to understand 3 or 4 words out of every 5 words. We can talk, but it’s kind of a hassle. A 4 would be I can hear every word but there is static. Pretty straight forward. Strength – With regard to strength in a signal report, there is nothing subjective about it, sort of. Unfortunately, if it is scientific or subjective depends on your radio meter type and if the meter is calibrated. We are actually measuring the voltage of your signal on the receiver’s radio. This voltage is measured in S-units or Signal Units. Where this can get tricky with GMRS is, not every radio has a signal strength meter designed to support the common s-unit scale. You may have a display that shows 9 units on some unknown scale, or 10, or 15. I have even seen some radios that only have 4 or 5. I’ll explain the technical parts of signal strength measurements and if you have a radio that doesn’t use a traditional calibrated s-meter, you may be able to adopt the idea to your personal radio. This meter below is a classic analog meter. The top line measures the received signal strength in s-units. If the needle were to swing to 5, you would give them a 5 as the Strength portion of the report. For example, if you understand every word and the needle stops at 5, you would provide a signal report for their voice signal of “five five” or “5 5”. If you could hear all of the words they are saying with a lot of static and the needle is on the 3, you would report a “four three” or “4 3”. Below is a newer radio with a digital s-meter. It looks a little different, but the same rules apply. In this picture, my meter is showing a signal strength of about 5.5 (almost 6) s-units. If I could hear them perfectly, I would tell them their signal report is “five five plus” or “5 5 Plus”, meaning I understand everything perfectly and their signal strength is never less than 5. Now, the next two images show a radio that I know doesn’t have a properly labeled or calibrated s-meter. This type of meter is the reason I said there is nothing subjective about it, sort of. While an s-unit is a true measurement of voltage, this radio has 10 lines and nothing in the owner’s manual tells me what the increment values are. However, you could still adapt the concept to a signal report, making it a bit subjective. In the first image, the meter is completely full. In this state, it’s very likely that I can hear the person talking perfectly and they almost certainly met or exceeded the voltage requirement of 9 s-units. So, I would tell this person that they are “five nine” (5 9) or they are “full quiet”. In the next image, below, the signal goes to the fifth line. Being familiar with this radio, there is a good possibility that I can hear everything they are saying, but with a lot of static. So, I would be providing a signal report of “four five” or “4 5”, since the meter measurement is half the total scale. In this case, the signal report is 100% based on my interpretation of what I am hearing and seeing, rather than providing a “metered result.” I hope this makes sense. For those of you who are interested in the science behind an s-unit, here is a little history and values. In the 1930s, the industry agreed that 9 s-units would correspond to 50 microvolts (50 μV) at the input of a receiver. However, based on meter design and how the value was sampled, this was not accurately measured from radio to radio because the input impedance of receivers was not standardized. This changed in 1981. The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) agreed on a technical recommendation for S Meter calibration, separately for HF and VHF/UHF. IARU defines 9 s-units for the HF bands to be a receiver input voltage of 50.2 microvolts and impedance of the receiver of 50 ohms. For VHF and UHF bands, the IARU defines 9 s-units to be a receiver input voltage of 5.01 microvolts and impedance of the receiver of 50 ohms. For both HF and below, as well as everything over HF, the IARU defines that a difference of one S-unit corresponds to a difference of 6 decibels (dB), equivalent to a voltage ratio of two, or power ratio of four. For example, if 9 s-units equals 50.2 μV, than 8 s-units is 25.1 μV, 7 s-units is 12.6 μV, etc. Signals stronger than 9 s-units are given with an additional dB rating. For example, “20 dB over S9” or simply "20 over". You can see these values on the s-meters in the first 2 images. Repeater Caveat There are some important caveats to signal reports for repeater users. The RST style signal report is not a valid reporting method. The voice quality or 'intelligibility' of the transmission is likely not going to be valid. If the reporting operator is receiving the repeater's signal well enough that there is little to no chance that the voice quality is impaired, you may be able to give and get a valid readability report. This condition is often when you will hear signal reports such as "loud and clear" or "full-quiet." These replies indicate that you have a very good radio and voice signal into the repeater, as reported by someone who has a very good signal from the repeater. Additionally, the signal strength is not relevant through the repeater, at all. The receiver's station is going to be seeing the signal strength of the repeater, not the originating station asking for a signal report. It is not possible to know the received signal strength at the repeater site unless you are the repeater owner or admin and have the ability to see the actual repeater's receive meter. Even then, most repeaters do not have any easily visible signal strength meters. The next best method would be if the receiving station listens to the repeater input frequency (assuming the receiving radio has that feature). If the reporting station can hear you directly, they can tell you how strong your signal is at that person's location. It's still not indicative of how strong your signal is at the repeater. I hope this information helps anyone who may hear this lingo out on the General Mobile Radio Service. Quick Reference Chart for S-Units

The official list of changes: NEW UV9GX Features (Upgrades to the UV9G PRO) • 3 New Dark Color Screen Modes (Day 1, Day 2 & Covert) • New Priority Channel Quick-Jump Feature (for instant Emergency or Favorite Channel use) • Extended 1.25m “220 HAM Band” RX Range (down to 219 MHz) • Roger Beep (on all freqs. except the repeater inputs) • Bright Flashlight (new LED Lamp with tighter & brighter beam) • Stiff Knobs (to avoid accidental changes, can be loosened if desired) If none of those are deal-breakers, then the PRO is otherwise the same radio. There is also a slight difference in the L/M/H power levels (see the product page), where the GX has a 2W Mid power, which is a bit more useful when communicating with FRS radios. BTW, I'm going hog-wild here on shipping backorders, so I hope to cut the wait time down in the next month or so.

From personal experience wish I still had the pics LMR 600 long story short the outer casing on the cable becomes porous and water migrates into it. at best in the NE 5-7 yrs and it needs to be changed. As a sub for 400 I sometimes use FSJ 2. Similar size and loss

To do Dual Brick on the XTL you need the W3 head, SP Firmware and a SP cable that's pretty hard to find. It will not work with the O5 head. Your best bet is a second O5 head if your going to add VHF into the mix. Your right VHF decks are not cheap these days. For a while they were pretty reasonable but everything went up in the last couple years. I've seen some APX decks for the cost of the XTL.

I'm glad you have a good sense of humor.. I actually do just that on our trips. If there is someone who didn't bring a radio or doesn't have FRS/GMRS when everyone else does, I just hand out a cheap loaner while we're out on the trails. If you let someone use the GMRS radio,, unless the person using your handheld radio is an immediate family member, they can't use your license to go on the repeater. Also,, FRS radios are not repeater capable, so that prevents someone with an FRS radio from getting on a repeater as well.