I'm a big proponent of CCRs. And in most everyday usage by normal people, you will not see a difference.
That being said, there are times when there is a difference.
In a side-by-side comparison between my Kenwood TH-75A and my Baofeng UV-5R, the sound quality difference is quite noticeable. The Kenwood sounds much better.
Selectivity is another place where the pricy radios shine. @OffRoaderX had a situation not long ago where his expensive Motorola was filtering out some RFI that his cheaper radio was not.
There is definitely a difference in design between CCRs and more expensive radios. The schematic for my UV-5R is one page, the schematic for my TH-75A is four pages. That is where the price and quality difference is seen on paper.
So, in practice you will likely never notice a difference, but in some cases there certainly is a difference. All in all, I still use my CCRs almost exclusively.